The turbulence is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe the motion of a fluid. However, the Navier-Stokes equations are nonlinear and difficult to solve for turbulent flows.
The boundary layer theory is a mathematical framework for analyzing the transport phenomena near a surface. The boundary layer is a thin region near the surface where the transport phenomena occur.
Mass transfer refers to the transfer of mass from one phase to another due to the concentration gradient. There are two types of mass transfer: diffusion and convection. Diffusion occurs due to the random motion of molecules, while convection occurs due to the fluid motion.
ρc_p(∂T/∂t + v⋅∇T) = ∇⋅(k∇T) + Q
In conclusion, the fundamentals of momentum, heat, and mass transfer are essential in understanding various engineering phenomena. The conservation equations, transport properties, and boundary layer theory provide a mathematical framework for analyzing the transport phenomena.